We surveyed the facilities that were members of the Japan Association of Zoos and Aquariums to clarify the incidence of aspergillosis. which is a major cause of death in captive penguins. and to discern effective preventive measures. Responses were obtained for 2910 penguins in 64 facilities; 73 penguins (2. https://pipingrockers.shop/product-category/manganese/